{"id":2923,"date":"2014-05-20T18:31:35","date_gmt":"2014-05-20T18:31:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.animalhealthfoundation.net\/blog\/?p=2923"},"modified":"2014-05-20T18:31:35","modified_gmt":"2014-05-20T18:31:35","slug":"canines-cancer-sniffing-snouts-showing-90-plus-accuracy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.animalhealthfoundation.org\/blog\/2014\/05\/canines-cancer-sniffing-snouts-showing-90-plus-accuracy\/","title":{"rendered":"Canines\u2019 Cancer-Sniffing Snouts Showing 90%-Plus Accuracy"},"content":{"rendered":"
By Angela Zimm May 18, 2014 9:00 PM PT<\/div>\n
\"\" <\/a>
Source: the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
Cancer detection dog McBaine<\/figure>\n
\n

Which is better at detecting cancer, a laboratory or a Labrador retriever?<\/p>\n

Consider the talents of Tsunami, a regal-looking dog with attentive eyes and an enthusiastic tail wag for her trainer friends. University of Pennsylvania<\/a> researchers say she is more than 90 percent successful in identifying the scent of ovarian cancer<\/a> in tissue samples, opening a new window on a disease with no effective test for early detection that kills 14,000 Americans a year. When found early, there\u2019s a five-year survival rate of over 90 percent.<\/p>\n

With 220 million olfactory cells in a canine snout<\/a>, compared with 50 million for humans, dogs have long helped on search-and-rescue. Now, a growing body of evidence supports the possible use of canines by clinicians. The largest study ever done on cancer-sniffing dogs found they can detect prostate cancer by smelling urine samples with 98 percent accuracy. At least one application is in the works seeking U.S. approval of a kit using breath samples to find breast cancer<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cOur study demonstrates the use of dogs might represent in the future a real clinical opportunity if used together with common diagnostic tools,\u201d said Gian Luigi Taverna<\/a>, the author of the prostate cancer research reported yesterday at the American Urological Association<\/a> in Boston.<\/p>\n

While smaller studies have long shown dogs can sniff out a range of illnesses, the question of whether they can be used on a large-scale basis to find disease has drawn skepticism. Questions remain on whether one type of dog is better than another, how to systemize their use and the financial viability of any such system. As a result, most current research is looking at how to copy the canine abilty to smell disease either with a machine or a chemical test.<\/p>\n

\u2018Method Reproducible\u2019<\/h2>\n

\u201cOur standardized method is reproducible, low cost and noninvasive for the patients and for the dogs,\u201d said Taverna, the head of urology pathology at Istituto Clinico Humanitas in Rozzano, Italy<\/a>, in an e-mail.<\/p>\n

Taverna tested the ability of two professionally trained explosive detection dogs, Zoe and Liu, in 677 cases to assess their accuracy, according to his paper. The next step, according to Taverna, will be to extend the research into prostate cancer subgroups and to other urological malignancies.<\/p>\n

The results may one day be used to help develop an electronic nose that follows nature\u2019s lead in how a canine snout works, he said.<\/p>\n

Taverna\u2019s finding comes at a time when use of standard PSA testing for prostate cancer is being challenged as not accurate enough, with false positives leading to unnecessary treatment.<\/p>\n

In 2012, the Preventive Services Task Force<\/a>, which reports on medical issues to the U.S. Congress<\/a>, recommended that healthy men shouldn\u2019t be screened for prostate cancer using PSA tests after research showed that false positive rates of men tested may be as high as 80 percent. The test measures a protein made by prostate cells called prostate-specific antigen.<\/p>\n

Volatile Compounds<\/h2>\n

When dogs sniff for cancer, they are detecting the chemicals emitted by a tumor. These chemicals are referred to as volatile organic compounds, or VOCs. VOCs have been found in the breath<\/a> of lung cancer patients and colon cancer<\/a> patients, as well as in the urine of prostate cancer patients. The most recent findings have spurred increased interest in dog cancer-detection research, including efforts to develop devices that can mimic the animal\u2019s exquisite olfactory system.<\/p>\n

Dina Zaphiris, a nationally recognized dog trainer who works with canines on federally funded studies in detecting early cancer in humans, is leading the charge for U.S. Food and Drug Administration clearance of a system that would use the unique olfactory talents of dogs in medical care.<\/p>\n

In 2009, Zaphiris, a dog trainer for 25 years with an extensive list of celebrity clients and an education in biology, founded the In Situ Foundation,<\/a> a nonprofit organization that trains cancer-sniffing dogs and conducts research in the field.<\/p>\n

\u2018Early Warning\u2019<\/h2>\n

Her organization is in the process of submitting an FDA application for approval of a canine medical scent detection kit. In her system, patients exhale through a tube on to a cloth, which captures molecules, or VOCs, of a malignancy. Trained dogs would then sniff the cloths for their presence.<\/p>\n

The dog screening would be an \u201cearly warning test,\u201d she said, possibly used in connection with a mammogram for reviewing results before proceeding to a biopsy.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou should see the amount of e-mails I get saying \u2018I got an unclear mammogram and I don\u2019t know if I want a biopsy so could I have dogs screen my breath sample?\u2019,\u201d Zaphiris said.<\/p>\n

Zaphiris\u2019s interest in the issue began in 2003 when she worked with a research group on a study to detect breast and lung cancer. A paper on that limited study, published in 2006 in the Journal of Integrative Cancer Therapies<\/a>, found that dogs could detect lung tumors with 99 percent sensitivity and 99 percent specificity; for breast tumors, results were 88 percent sensitivity and 98 percent specificity.<\/p>\n

Training Time<\/h2>\n

Now Zaphiris is working with Jeffrey Marks<\/a>, an associate professor of surgery and pathology at Duke University<\/a> to train dogs to detect breast cancer, she said. It takes about six weeks to teach a dog for a study, and Zaphiris says she usually trains a new team of canines for each one, working at her 3-acre facility in West Hills, California<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Zaphiris isn\u2019t alone in her quest to get dogs involved in medical care. At the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine<\/a>, researchers are studying whether dogs can find ovarian cancer in tissue and blood samples. If so, it would be a breakthrough for a difficult disease.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019re trying a multiprong approach,\u201d including the dogs and laboratory efforts, \u201cto determine if there\u2019s some signature in blood in women with ovarian cancer so we can develop a detection system,\u201d said Cindy Otto<\/a>, director of the university\u2019s Penn Vet Working Dog Center<\/a> in Philadelphia. \u201cWe\u2019re using the dogs because we know the dogs are much more sensitive than any of our chemical techniques.\u201d<\/p>\n

The goal of the research is to one day produce a new screening system or electronic sensor to detect ovarian cancer\u2019s odor signature, Otto said.<\/p>\n

Blood Samples<\/h2>\n

The project, which began last year, is now focused on training the dogs using tissue samples from both cancerous ovaries and ovaries with benign disease. Although the three dogs in the research learned to recognize cancerous samples, the researchers have recently turned to studying the dogs\u2019 reaction to blood samples because of lack of tissue.<\/p>\n

The german sherpherd named Tsunami, named for her tendency to come happily at you when you least expect it, has been particularly successful early in her training, Otto said. When she\u2019s working, she becomes a quiet, pensive animal. She works very slowly, circling a wheel containing blocks of samples. She sniffs, she stops, she thinks, Otto said.<\/p>\n

When she identifies cancer, she sits; that\u2019s the sign.<\/p>\n

\u201cShe\u2019s very serious about it all,\u201d Otto said.<\/p>\n

Electronic Nose<\/h2>\n

The research effort is a collaboration among chemists, doctors and physicists at the university, with a primary focus of developing an \u201celectronic nose\u201d that duplicates a dog\u2019s ability to smell disease. Otto said she doesn\u2019t think using dogs in a clinical setting may be practical.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe challenge is the expense,\u201d she said. \u201cIf you\u2019re talking about screening every woman from 25 to 90, that\u2019s a lot of samples.\u201d<\/p>\n

Zaphiris said the medical system shouldn\u2019t wait for the development of technology that can accurately sense cancer with the ability of a dog. Her goal is to open canine scent detection centers that will make her animals accessible beyond just their use for research.<\/p>\n

\u201cIf there is a machine as accurate as a dog, I say do it,\u201d Zaphiris said. \u201cIt\u2019s highly impractical to wait until the machines can catch up.\u201d<\/p>\n

To contact the reporter on this story: Angela Zimm in Boston<\/a> at azimm@bloomberg.net<\/a><\/p>\n

To contact the editors responsible for this story: Reg Gale at rgale5@bloomberg.net<\/a> Andrew Pollack<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Angela Zimm May 18, 2014 9:00 PM PT Source: the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School Cancer detection dog McBaine Which is better at detecting cancer, a laboratory or a Labrador retriever? Consider the talents of Tsunami, a regal-looking dog with attentive eyes and an enthusiastic tail wag for her trainer friends. University of Pennsylvania […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,12,54],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-behavior-and-training","category-dogs","category-research"],"yoast_head":"\nCanines\u2019 Cancer-Sniffing Snouts Showing 90%-Plus Accuracy | The Animal Health Foundation<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.animalhealthfoundation.org\/blog\/2014\/05\/canines-cancer-sniffing-snouts-showing-90-plus-accuracy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Canines\u2019 Cancer-Sniffing Snouts Showing 90%-Plus Accuracy | The Animal Health Foundation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"By Angela Zimm May 18, 2014 9:00 PM PT Source: the University of Pennsylvania Veterinary School Cancer detection dog McBaine Which is better at detecting cancer, a laboratory or a Labrador retriever? 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